Improve Solar Flare Models

We have limited capacity to predict key disruptive events, such as solar flares that threaten power grids and communications, alongside an incomplete understanding of natural processes (atmospheric, ocean, etc.) that underpin climate models. We need better monitoring tools for characterizing phenomena that impact climate dynamics, such as aerosol-cloud interactions, and assessing potential interventions such as marine cloud brightening. These issues underscore the need for enhanced observational tools and more sophisticated models of climate processes.

There is a critical need for more precise, rapid, and localized climate intervention strategies. Current approaches lack the fine-grained models and rapid response mechanisms required to adapt to diverse climate impacts, such as heatwaves, which demand swift and effective action. The ability to control local weather phenomena—including cloud formation and hurricanes—could help mitigate climate risks.